Greenhouse Gases Emission 2024 for Universiti Malaya
Universiti Malaya is steadfast in its commitment to achieving Net Zero emissions by 2050 through a comprehensive strategy focused on decarbonizing operations, enhancing energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy adoption, and strengthening campus-wide climate accountability in line with global sustainability targets.
On 11 December 2024, Universiti Malaya's Management has principally endorsed the Universiti Malaya Net Zero Blueprint 2030, encompasses the following 6 strategic sectors:
Sector 1: Energy
Sector 2: Mobility
Sector 3: Facilities
Sector 4: Waste Minimisation & Recycling
Sector 5: Value Chain
Sector 6: Beyond Campus Operations
UM Net Zero Blueprint 2030 charts a defined direction towards a net zero and sustainable campus. This commitment can be viewed in a holistic and comprehensive sustainability commitments HERE.
The target for Phase 1 of UM Net Zero is gearing a preparation for Universiti Malaya towards carbon neutral campus by 2030, and the following calculation of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) for Universiti Malaya covers the Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. Calculation of GHG Emissions for UM started in 2022 as baseline year.
Scope 1 Emission
The study calculated UM’s scope 1 emission for the year 2024. The total emissions for Scope 1 Emission were calculated based on the following equation:
Emissions (kg CO2e) = Quantity of Fuel Consumed (L or kg) × Emission Factor (kg CO2e per L or kg)
The emission factor used for calculating fuel combustion for both diesel and petrol are as follows:
Year 2024 | Jan | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
Quantity of Fuel Consumed (L) - Diesel | 2,066.23 | 1,580.62 | 1,915.51 | 1,935.39 | 2,076.74 | 1,972.35 | 1,957.61 | 1,861.50 | 2,316.03 | 1,854.74 | 2,080.81 | 1,831.57 | 23,449.10 |
| 5,165.58 | 3,951.55 | 4,788.78 | 4,838.48 | 5,191.85 | 4,930.88 | 4,894.03 | 4,653.75 | 5,790.08 | 4,636.85 | 5,202.03 | 4,578.93 | 58,622.75 |
Quantity of Fuel Consumed (L) - Petrol | 924.05 | 870.64 | 890.03 | 698.45 | 1,195.90 | 858.06 | 1,237.93 | 1,080.56 | 970.46 | 1,461.14 | 1,104.37 | 869.67 | 12,161.26 |
| 2,171.52 | 2,046.00 | 2,091.57 | 1,641.36 | 2,810.37 | 2,016.44 | 2,909.14 | 2,539.32 | 2,280.58 | 3,433.67 | 2,595.27 | 2,043.72 | 28,578.95 |
Figure 1: Monthly GHG emission from scope 1 emission in 2024 (Zone 1: Lorry, Van, Sedan, etc) by Diesel & Petrol
Year 2024 | Jan | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
Quantity of Fuel Consumed (L) - Diesel | 8,419.39 | 7,161.58 | 5,880.72 | 4,041.36 | 6,862.87 | 5,738.64 | 7,469.77 | 5,302.38 | 12,642.11 | 9,851.35 | 9,654.40 | 8,475.37 | 91,499.94 |
| 21,048.48 | 17,903.95 | 14,701.80 | 10,103.40 | 17,157.18 | 14,346.60 | 18,674.43 | 13,255.95 | 31,605.28 | 24,628.38 | 24,136.00 | 21,188.43 | 228,749.85 |
Figure 2: Monthly GHG emission from scope 1 emission in 2024 (Zone 2: Buses) by Diesel
Thus, the total scope 1 emission in 2024 covering 2 zones as managed by the Estates Department (JHB) for Universiti Malaya are as follows:
Petrol: 28,578.95 kg CO2e
Diesel: 58,622.75 kg CO2e + 228,749.85 kg CO2e = 287,412.60 kg CO2e
Overall GHG Emission: 315,991.55 kg CO2e (315.99155 t CO2e)
Figure 1 and 2 represents the monthly GHG emission throughout 2024 for both petrol and diesel consumption by vehicles owned and managed by JHB for UM. In comparison to the year 2023 [360,218.84 kgCO2e (360.21884 tCO2e)], there has been a commendable amount of reduction on the emissions of 12% from Scope 1 for Universiti Malaya.
Disclaimer: Despite the significant emission reduction from Scope 1, there are other variable factors to be considered contributing to this calculation, for example there is a critical need of a more comprehensive and holistic data collection for the whole campus across all portfolios.
Figure 3: Monthly GHG emission from Scope 1 emission in 2024
Scope 2 Emission
Figure 4: Monthly GHG emission from Scope 2 in 2024
The scope 2 emissions were calculated using data obtained from 2024. The total emissions for Scope 2 were calculated based on the following equation:
Emissions (kg CO2e) = Total kWh Consumed × Emission Factor (kg CO2e per kWh)
Calculation:
Emissions (kg CO2e) = 74,866,835 kWh x 0.758 kgCO2e/kwh
= 56,749,060.93 kg CO2e (92% increment due to GET subscription ended in December 2023).
The emission factor used for calculating energy emissions is 0.758 kgCO2e/kwh (0.000758 tCO2e) from Energy Commission in 2021.
The total calculated GHG emission for scope 2 in 2024 is 56,749,060.93 kg CO2e (56,749.061 t CO2e) (in comparison to 4,695,933 kgCO2e (4,695.933 tCO2e) for 2023]. Figure 5 represents the monthly GHG emission coming from scope 2, with an increment of 92% from the year 2023.
2024 | Jan | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
Energy consumption (kWh) | 6,480,787 | 5,496,796 | 6,722,433 | 6,220,061 | 7,357,516 | 5,849,813 | 6,015,484 | 5,736,902 | 5,589,967 | 6,815,487 | 6,301,195 | 6,280,384 |
74,866,835 |
Emission (kg CO2e) | 4,912,436.55 |
4,166,571.37
| 5,095,604.21
| 4,714,806.24
| 5,576,997.13
| 4,434,158.25
| 4,559,736.87
| 4,348,571.72
| 4,237,194.99
| 5,166,139.15
| 4,776,305.81
| 4,760,531.07
|
56,749,060.93 |
Figure 5: Monthly GHG emission for Scope 2 in 2024
In March 2022, Universiti Malaya (UM) subscribed to 5.5 million kWh of Green Electricity Tariff (GET) from Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). GET represents electricity generated from renewable energy sources. Emissions attributed to GET are assumed not to have produced any greenhouse gas emissions, allowing emission reduction for scope 2. UM has also received certification for the Malaysia Renewable Energy Certificate (mREC) in connection with this subscription. However, the subscription of GET for UM ended in December 2023 due to the revised quota system imposed by the Government of Malaysia, and then the subscription offers reopened in May 2024, however the cost of subscription is too high. Hence explained the increment of significant amount of Greenhouse Gases for Scope 2 by 92% higher as compared to the year 2023 [4,695,933 kgCO2e (4,695.933 tCO2e)] with GET subscription. As a way forward, the Estates Department (JHB) and UM Sustainable Development Centre (UMSDC) have strategically discussed solutions with financial implications consideration to support the transition towards Carbon Neutral Campus in 2030.
This Greenhouse Gas tracking for Universiti Malaya is a continuous initiative and commitment of Universiti Malaya towards a carbon neutral campus by 2030, spearheaded under the purview of UM Sustainable Development Centre (UMSDC) with its Eco Campus division, with support of key stakeholders in particular the Estates Department (JHB) and Bursar.
Total Scope 1 & Scope 2 Emission for UM in 2024: 315.99155 + 56,749.061 = 57,065.05255 t CO2e
Acknowledgement: The GHG Emissions 2024 is prepared by UM Sustainable Development Centre (UMSDC) with support of the Estates Department (JHB) and Corporate Rankings Centre (CRC)
References
Energy Commission (EC). (n.a). Grid Emission Factor (GEF) in Malaysia. Malaysia Energy Information Hub. https://meih.st.gov.my/documents/10620/cdddb88f-aaa5-4e1a-
UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. (2023). Greenhouse Gas Reporting: Conversion Factors 2023. UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2023
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2023). Scope 1 and Scope 2 Inventory Guidance. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/scope-1-and-scope-2-inventory-guidance
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2023). Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP). United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/learn-about-greenhouse-gas-reporting-program-ghgrp
Universiti Malaya Sustainable Development Centre (UMSDC). (2022). UM In Low Carbon Cities Framework (LCCF). Universiti Malaya Sustainable Development Centre (UMSDC). https://sustainability.um.edu.my/um-in-low-carbon-cities-framework-lccf
Universiti Malaya Sustainable Development Centre (UMSDC). (2025). UM Net Zero Blueprint 2030. Universiti Malaya Sustainable Development Centre (UMSDC). https://sustainability.um.edu.my/doc/Sustainability%20UM/Sustainability%20Reporting/Universiti%20Malaya%20Net%20Zero%20Blueprint_Draft%20Version_compressed.pdf
World Resources Institute & World Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2004). The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Revised Edition). GHG Protocol. https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard
Last Update: 14/04/2025